{"id":8191,"date":"2020-01-21T08:22:25","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T08:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/?p=8191\/"},"modified":"2020-02-25T10:09:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T10:09:24","slug":"map-of-the-fighting-groups-in-sinai-peninsula-and-their-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/map-of-the-fighting-groups-in-sinai-peninsula-and-their-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Map of the fighting groups in Sinai peninsula and their future"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Since 2012, Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula is experiencing a large-scale\nmilitary and security operations, in which the Egyptian army has targeted\ndifferent armed groups operating in the region for many years. As these\nterrorist groups launch a military attacks, operations and activities that\ndestabilize the region, and raise the security threat risks associated with\nEgypt, Israel and the Palestinian territories, which makes the situation in the\npeninsula extremely sensitivity, because the region is boundary triangle\nincludes the three states, which necessitates a greater efforts to reduce such\nthreat to the national security of those countries, especially Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, the importance of this region is closely related\nto global economic security, because it is located along the Suez Canal that is\nconsidered as the gateway towards the Mediterranean, especially after the\nrecent expansion of the Canal, under Egyptian President Abdelfattah al-Sisi, as\nit included in the future agenda of several countries, including the Kingdom of\nSaudi Arabia, and become associated with drawing a safer shipping routes that\naccommodate the heavy oil-tanker traffic and other ships, therefore ensuring\nthe security in Sinai peninsula is considered as one of the most important priorities\nto move forward in building these agendas and other projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sinai peninsula\nis very important for Israel as well, as it considers that the peninsula is\nideologically associated with the Jewish religion, where the extremist parties\nand other groups hold every year on 23 of April \u201cfuneral ceremonies to commemorate\nthe second exodus of Jews from Sinai and the anniversary of the demolition of\nthe Yamit settlement, which was one of the largest Zionist settlements\nestablished in Sinai after its occupation in 1967, in view of Sinai falls\nwithin the territories of Torah. [1]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation in the peninsula become a complicated dossier, especially with the arrival of late president Mohamed Morsi to the power, during which the armed groups have publicly started their activities and targeted the pipeline that connecting Israel and Egypt, which Egyptian gas is exported to the latter through such pipelines. When the president  Abdel Fattah El-Sisi came to power in Egypt, this dossier become more sensitive, due to the growing activities of the armed groups in Sinai and their threat to the border region. Therefore, Israel became more concerned than before with the developments and events taking place in Sinai to reduce the threatening risks to its national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, Sinai dossier is mainly associated with Gaza Strip,\nbecause the groups operating in Sinai are exploiting the state of security\nconfusion existing between the borders of the Strip and Egypt to finance their\nactivities and maintain their survival. Accordingly, the activities of these factions\nhave increased and constituted an increasing danger for Gaza Strip after the\nemergence of \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d, an affiliate of the armed extremist group Islamic\nState ISIS, which made the situation in Sinai more sensitive and complicated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the question arises about the effectiveness of the Egyptian\nmilitary operations targeting the activities of those armed groups, and about\ntheir effectiveness to reduce the risks resulting from launching a large-scale\ncampaigns in border region, which necessitate a greater security and political\ncoordination between the following: Gaza Strip, Israel and Egypt, which\nhindered, in one way or another, the course of these operations and prolonged\nthem to the present time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a related\ncontext, \u201cadministratively, Sinai is divided into two governorates, the first\nof which is North Sinai Governorate, and it includes 6 districts: Rafah, Sheikh\nZuwaid, Al-Arish, Bir al-Abed, Al-Hasna, and Nakhl, with a total population of\n445.000 persons. The second governorate, is South Sinai governorate, which\nincludes 8 districts and 9 towns : Abu Redis, Abu Zenimah, Ras Sidr, Al-Tur,\nSharm El-Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba, Taba, and St. Catherine, with a total\npopulation of approximately 170 thousand persons. While there are a cities and\nneighbourhoods belong to other governorates such as: Port Fouad, which is\naffiliated to Port Said Governorate, the city of Qantara Shark, which is\naffiliated to Ismailia Governorate, and Ganayen neighbourhood which is\naffiliated to Suez Governorate” ([2]).<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A detailed map of Sinai\nPeninsula No. (1)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1.jpg\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Armed groups and organizations\nin Sinai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several armed\nfactions are active in Sinai, taking advantage of the nature of the terrain in\nthe area that is divided into wide plains called the Plains of the North, the\nHighlands region in the centre of Sinai that occupies half of Sinai, and\nheights or mountains region in the south, where it include several mountain\npeaks. Which facilitates smuggling the weapons, as each of the three regions is\nclearly distinguished from the rest in terms of terrain, natural components and\nactivity of the inhabitants that is close to the tribal life ([3]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to,\nfragility of security situation, due to the peace agreement with Israel signed\nat Camp David in 1979([4]), forty years ago, which restricted the movements of the army in the\npeninsula. Moreover, the security vulnerability after the country entered the\nphase of change in January 2011 when the Egypt’s military and security agencies\nwitnessed a structural changes. Accordingly, the previous factors led to the\nemergence of several armed groups, the most prominent of which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al-Takfir wa al-Hijra Group<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It considered\nas one of the oldest armed group in Egypt, as it established in the early of\nseventies in Egypt, under the leadership of “Shukri Mustafa”, who\ncomes from the governorate of Assiut, and called for the necessity of rejecting\na society that is far from adhering to the Sharia and abandoned all customs,\nbeliefs and lands, contrary to administration of justice. The group\u2019 ideas are\nvery extreme and have discrepancies in their literature with other\norganizations such as Al Qaeda. In 1977, the leader of the group was arrested\nthrough a security ambush and he was sentenced to death in connection with\nkidnapping and killing of the former mufti of Egypt Hussein al-Dhahabi.\nConsequently, the group\u2019s activities was undermined by a series of security\noperations that led to the arrest of its main members([5]).<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011([6])\u060c, the group re-emerged, under the name of \u201cBlack Flags organization\u201d,\nprobably after bombing Al-Arish police station on July 29, 2011. This\norganization is active in the central of Sinai and the border strip, but its\neffectiveness compared to other armed organizations is not strong, due to the\nrifts and intellectual transformations that have occurred within the group of\nAl-Takfir wa al-Hijra since the execution of its founder, Shukri Mustafa.\nFurthermore, the group is closing in on itself, and does not establish a\nchannels of communications with other organizations, which made its activity is\nlargely unknown. The information also indicates that its members have not the\nadequate training and equipment such as that received by the rest of the jihadi\ngroups, and a leader of Al-Takfir wa al-Hijra called \u201cAbdel Fattah Hassan\nHussein Salem\u201d has been also arrested in Sinai with one of his assistants and\nother members in 2013 by the Egyptian army forces([7]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jama’at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It has\nestablished in 1977 in Al-Arish by \u201cKhaled Masaad\u201d and \u201cNasr Khamis\nAl-Malachi,\u201d who called and mobilized for jihad against the Israelis,\nespecially after the events of the first Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, and the name\nof the group was inspired by the organization that founded by Abu Musab\nAl-Zarqawi in Iraq which known as \u201cJama’at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad\u201d <\/sup><\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By 2004, about\n100 of young people had been and recruited as cells in Al-Arish, Rafah, Sheikh\nZuwayed, Nakhl, Jabal Al-Halal and Al Tal Al-Kabeer. At that time, the\norganization’s activity traforsormed from mobilization to attack. On October 7,\nthe organization carried out three simultaneous terrorist operations with a car\nbombs targeting Israeli tourists at the Taba Hilton Hotel and two tourist camps\nin Nuweiba, killing 34 people, including 22 Israelis, 9 Egyptians, Italians,\nand Russians, in addition to wounding 158 Others <\/sup>([9]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\norganization also carried out a series of terrorist operations in 2005,\nincluding the Sharm el-Sheikh bombings that targeted Ghazala Hotel and the\ncommercial market in Sharm El-Sheikh, and a tourist cafeteria in Naama Bay\narea. In addition to an attack on a site belonging to the multinational forces\nin the Sinai nearby Al-Joura Airport in 2005, in which the founder of the\norganization, Khaled Musaed, was killed, which weakened the group’s activity,\nespecially after the Egyptian security agencies launched a series of large-scale\nraids against the group’s members <\/sup>([10]<\/a>)<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The operations\nof Jama’at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad was not limited to Sinai only, but the organization\nreturned to exercise its activities publicly in Gaza Strip, when an armed group\ncalling itself the “Company of the Companion of Muhammad al-Muslimah”\nkidnapped and killed the Italian humanitarian activist, “Vittorio\nArrigoni” in Gaza Strip in March 2011, demanded the release of its\ndetainees, including the leader of Jama’at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad, Hisham\nAl-Sa\u2019idni, who was arrested in March 2011, then Hamas released him in August\n2012 <\/sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c, but he was assassinated\nby Israel in the Gaza Strip in October <\/sup><\/a>[12]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore,\nJama’at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad announced its return to exercise its activity in\nSinai in mid-2011, especially when it launched two attacks against a police\nstation and a bank in the city of Arish in June and July 2011, killing 7\npeople. As a result, the Egyptian authorities arrested 14 people accused of\nplanning and carrying out the attack, and they Sentenced to death in August\n2012 <\/a>([13]<\/a>). <\/sup>.<\/sup>It is believed that it was a\nstunning blow for the group. As a result, it has allied with a number of other\narmed organizations, the most important of which was Ansar Beit al-Maqdis, and it\ncontributed to the formation of Wilayat Sinai that affiliated with the Islamic\nState, to maintain its presence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Mujahideen Shura Council in\nthe Environs of Jerusalem <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Its formation was announced in a footage in in June 2012, calling\nfor \u201cthwarting all the nation\u2019s enemies that stalking it, and their minions of\ntraitors and all of defeatist, there is no room for patriotism, nationalism,\nsecularism or democracy anymore, Rather, it is the battle of Muslims to restore\nGod\u2019s rule on the earth and restore the nation\u2019s glories and its domination\nover all humanity\u201d. In addition to, encouraging the targeting of Israel and the\nJews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The council\nclaimed responsibility for the first operation under the name \u201cThe Battle of\nAl-Nusra for Al-Aqsa and Prisoners\u201d in the same month in 2012, when two of its\nmembers stormed the headquarter of an Israeli patrol on the Israeli border and\ndetonated an explosive device and attacked the barrier with anti-tank shells\nand medium machine guns <\/sup>([14]<\/a>)<\/sup>. In\nNovember 2012, the council also claimed responsibility for the operation of\nlaunching 5 rockets from Sinai against Israel <\/sup>([15]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In response,\nthe United States of America included the Council in the lists of terrorist\norganizations in 2014, and the State Department announced that \u201cthis\norganization is a coalition of jihadi organizations based in Gaza and has\nclaimed responsibility for many attacks against Israel since its establishment\nin 2012 ([16]<\/a>). The\nannouncement indicated that there is a connection between the Council and the\njihadist \u201c Jund Ansar Allah ” in the Gaza Strip and in Rafah, which is led\nby “Abd al-Latif Musa <\/sup><\/a>[17]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. In 2009, from the pulpit of the Mosque \u201cAl Tawba\u201d they announced\nthe establishment of \u201c the Islamic Emirate in the Environs of Jerusalem ([18]<\/a>) , this announcement illustrated the connection, as both of them\nshare in the title \u201cthe Environs of Jerusalem\u201d. In addition to the headquarter\nwhich it is located in Gaza, which means that the Mujahideen Shura Council in\nthe Environs of Jerusalem is an extension and a structural development of the \u201c\nJund Ansar Allah\u201d, which Hamas has fought and killed its leader, \u201cAbd al-Latif\nMusa\u201d. Moreover, the statement relating to their claiming responsibility for\nattacking an sraeli patrol in 2012 stated, “We dedicate this blessed\nbattle to the brave and oppressed jihadist of Salafism in the proud land of\nGaza.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The information\nindicated that the Mujahideen Shura Council has “disintegrated after\ninternal disagreements and divisions between two groups: The first joined the\nIslamic State” in Wilayat Sinai, and the second did not accept this. The\ndisagreements escalated until it was agreed to separate from each other, and\nsome of them established new groups in Gaza, but they were quickly eliminated\nby Hamas <\/sup><\/a>[19]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jund Al Islam <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The organization\nprepared for its establishement since 2011 after the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak\n([20]<\/a>)<\/sup>, benefited from the lack of\nsecurity in Libya, to train and recruit young people and collect weapons and\nequipment there, and it announced itself in September 2013, through claiming\nhis responsibility for two car bomb attacks against two security sites, one of\nwhich is the intelligence headquarter, which left 6 deaths <\/sup>([21]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Then\nthe organization suddenly absented from the scene in Sinai, and it reappeared\nagain in 2015, by publishing a video entitled \u201cthe way for pride 1\u201d that\nincluded the launch of a Grad missile into Israel. The publication also\nincluded an excerpt from a speech to Abu Yahya al-Libi, a former leader of\nal-Qaeda, and then published in a publication entitled \u201cthe way for pride 2\u201d In\nthe middle of the same year, the organization published a video showing the\ntargeting of Israeli settlements with missiles launched from Sinai ([22]<\/a>), Then, at the end of 2015, the organization issued another footage\nentitled \u201cPrepare\u201d, which included scenes of the training for its militant\nelements building a checkpoint to check the identities of the car passengers,\nand an excerpt from the audio speech of Hisham Ashmawi, the prince of Gma\u2019aet\nAl Morabeten , who refused to declare the allegiance of Ansar Beit al-Maqdis\ngroup to ISIS. after then, the organization did not record any activity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In late 2017,\nJund Al-Islam reappeared through an audio recording titled \u201ca military\nstatement, claiming its responsibility for the security operation to expel Kharijes\nof Al-Baghdadi from Sinai.” The speech stated that the they attacked an\nelements of Walyat and killed them.  This\nannouncement was considered as a new stage in the nature of the armed\norganizations in Sinai that were not seeking to fight among themselves, but the\nintellectual and administrative difference between the organizations that adopt\nthe ideas of al-Qaeda and the organizations that adopt the ideas of the Islamic\nState appeared in Sinai between Jund al-Islam and Ansar Beit al-Maqdis \u201cSinai\nProvince\u201d Therefore, Jund al-Islam issued several publications in 2017\ncriticizing the behaviour of the Wilayat Sinai, and showing their willingness\nto fight those they considered \u201cKharijites\u201d, in a scenario similar to what\nhappened in Syria between Hay\u2019at Tahrir al-Sham \u201cformer Nusrah Front\u201d and\nIslamic State <\/sup>([24]<\/a>)<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, this\nfighting is likely to continue at an irregular pace, especially after the rifts\noccurred within the ranks of Ansar Beit al-Maqdis \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d as some of\nthe dissidents joined Jund al-Islam, and the latter issued a footage entitled\n“apologize for your Lord,” for one of the defectors for one of\n\u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d confessing that there are a major defections from \u201cWilayat\nSinai\u201d , in recent times, and there is a great desire of a large number of its\nelements to defect, but they do not know the way to do so ([25]<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis \u201cIslamic\nState of Sinai, ISIS\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The name of\nthis organization dates back to 1997, when the Israeli Intelligence Security\nAgency, \u201cthe Shin Bet,\u201d reported that; the first appearance of an organization\nholding the jihadist thought occurred in the Palestinian city of Nazareth, when\na person named Sheikh “Nazim Abu Salim Skafa” was able to spread the\nSalafi thought there and formed a group “Ansar Allah Beit al-Maqdis –\nNazareth” that included dozens of elements, whether in Nazareth or\nelsewhere within the Palestinian territories ([26]<\/a>)<\/sup>.. However, since then, no public\nactivities for the organization have been recorded, but it is likely that it\nwas planned and participated in terrorist bombings targeting hotels in which\nIsraeli tourists were living in the Sinai Peninsula in 2004, at which time a\ngroup called the \u201cInternational Islamic Group\u201d claimed responsibility (attacks) ([27]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The name \u201cAnsar Beit Al-Maqdis\u201d reappeared\nwhen the Israeli Ministry of Defense on July 25, 2011 considered it a\nprohibited terrorist organization ([28]<\/a>)<\/sup>.. In August 2011, Ansar Beit\nAl-Maqdis Organization announced its presence in the Sinai Peninsula with video\nfootage entitled \u201cThe Criterion Saga\u201d in which the Organization targeted a an\nIsraeli bus and a military vehicle heading to Eilat nearby the border strip and\ncalled this operation The Battle of Umm Al-Rashrash. At that time, the\nOrganization continued its activities effectively and targeted several times\nthe pipeline that carrying gas to Israel and Jordan, until 2013 the\norganization managed to significantly improve its organizational structure and\nrecruited active cells inside Israel and the Gaza Strip and was able to smuggle\nweapons to its main area of influences in the Sinai <\/sup>([29]<\/a>)<\/sup>. It\nalso announced in the late of 2013 after removing the former president Mohamed\nMorsi and arresting him, that they blasphemed the Egyptian army, and called on\nall soldiers to flee from service ([30]<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November\n2014, Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis announced its pledge of allegiance to the Islamic\nState in Iraq and the Levant and the formation of the \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d ([31]<\/a>), a leader of Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis, called \u201cAbu Musab Al-Gharib,\u201d\nissued a booklet entitled \u201cCome to the Sinai to rise Your State, which\npublished by the Al-Bitar Foundation ([32]<\/a>)<\/sup>. affiliated to the ISIL. Al-Gharib\nin his booklet called on the establishment of jihad on the land of Sinai as it\nhistorically belonging to Levant, the main centre of the Islamic State. In\nApril 2014, the United States of America Included the organization in the lists\nof terrorist organizations ([33]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\norganization is spread in \u201cthe caves of Jabal Al-Halal and in the village of\nMasoura in Rafah, Al-Kharouba, Al-Skaskah, the Green Valley in Sheikh Zuid and\nthe farms in Al-Arish, and Umm Shehan in central Sinai, and the villages of\nAl-Khroum and Al-Ruwaisat in South Sinai. It is likely that most of the\nfighters of the organization are Egyptians, followed by the Palestinians, who\ncomprise 20% to 30% of the elements, and there are also some Libyan and other\nforeign elements who come from African countries ([34]<\/a>)<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As for funding\nsources for armed organizations and groups in the Sinai, in general they depend\nmainly on security loopholes to smuggle weapons through the tunnels of Gaza\nStrip in the east, they rely on the sympathizers with them and those belonging\nto the Salafi jihadist ideology, and also through the Bedouin smugglers from\ninside Egypt, they depend on the equipment obtained from their attacks and\nambushes on the barracks and barriers of the Egyptian or Israeli army to arm\ntheir troops, as well as resorting to the establishment of short time barriers to\nsteal vehicles and cars. they also rely on donations, and some organizations,\nincluding Wilayat Sinai, carries out a suspicious operations such as drug and\nhuman trafficking ([35]<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Map No. (2) shows the locations\nof the elements of Wilayat Sinai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1.png\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Statistics and numbers about\nthe attacks relating to the terrorist organizations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Until early\n2012, the number of bombings and terrorist attacks by jihadi organizations had\nreached 35 attacks, most of which were in the northern Sinai Peninsula. At that\ntime, the Supreme Military Council was ruling Egypt after the overthrow of\nHosni Mubarak. Since then, up to 2013, the number of terrorist operations\nreached 11 during the rule of the late President Mohamed Morsi. Until mid-2014,\nthe violence against Egyptian churches increased, and the number of attacks\nreached 222. During the year 2015, that attacks reached 63, which ranged from\ntargeting the army and police forces, judges, to the peacekeeping forces\nexisting in the central of Sinai, among those operations was downing of a\nRussian passenger plane in the sky of the peninsula, which killed 224 people.\nWhile the number of the operations in 2016 reached 199, and since mid-2014\nuntil 2017 they reached 1003 terrorist operations, and in 2017 about 110 ,but\nthe number of operations decreased in 2018 to reach only 8 terrorist operations ([36]<\/a>). The following is a table and chart relating to the most important\nattacks from 2014 to late 2018:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Table No (1) ([37]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n 2014<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n  <\/sup><\/strong>2015<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n 2016<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n 2017<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n 2018<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n – June 28, the third Rafah\n massacre, an ambush was placed on a road in the “Sidot” area nearby\n the border with Israel, the attackers inspected the passing cars and arrested\n the Egyptian Central Security officers, killing four conscripts while they\n were on their way to vacation with their families.\n  \n \u2013\n On October 24, 2014, Beit Al-Maqdis Organization launched an attack against\n the security site \u201cKaram Al-Qawadis\u201d area, with a number of car bombs and\n rocket-propelled grenades, killing 31 Egyptian officers and soldiers.\n \u2013 On December 24, the armed\n organization – after pledging allegiance to Islamic State- broadcast a video\n showing the execution of two people for allegedly collaborating with the\n Egyptian army.\n <\/td>\n – On January 11, some terrorist\n elements announced \u201c the kidnap of the Egyptian officer, Ayman Desouki, and\n the organization’s websites broadcast on the 26th of the same month a footage\n of the kidnap and the killing of the said officer”.\n  \n –\n On January 29, “101st Battalion”, and other security and military\n sites in the “Al-Salam” suburb of Al-Arish, were attacked with a\n number of car bombs and mortars, killing about 20 recruits.\n –\n In April, about 14 Egyptian soldiers was killed in 3 ISIS operations in North\n Sinai.\n – In June, 10 Missiles were fired\n at the “Al-Joura” airport in Sinai, which is an airport used by\n international peacekeepers.\n <\/td>\n \u2013 On January 7: Islamic State,\n Wilayat Sinai, announced the bombing of the main gas pipeline in Al-Arish,\n which reaches Jordan.\n  \n – On\n June 30 – ISIS murdered a priest after he leaves a mass in the city of\n El-Arish.\n \u2013\n On November 24, eight Egyptian soldiers were killed and 10 others wounded, in\n an attack on the “Kameen El Gas” area.\n  \n <\/td>\n – On April 9, two terrorist\n bombings targetedMary Gerges Church in Tanta, and another church in\n Alexandria, killing and wounding dozens.\n –\n On July 7, the Egyptian army announced the death and injury of 26 of its\n forces in armed attacks targeting some of the army’s positioning area in\n north-eastern Sinai.\n \u2013\n On October 21, an attack took place in the Al-Wahat area of Giza, killing\n about 55 Egyptian policemen.\n \u2013 On November 24, ISIS members of\n \u201cWilayat Sinai: affiliated to ISIS stormed al-Rawda mosque, which located at\n the east of Bir al-Abd in North Sinai, shot the worshipers randomly, killing\n more than 300 people in the mosque. “It is the largest attack in terms\n of the number of civilian victims in Egypt’s modern history.”\n <\/td>\n \u2013 On January 3, an explosive\n device was detonated at an Egyptian army barrier in the Bir al-Abd area,\n killing an officer.\n  \n – On April 14, the Egyptian army\n said that eight members of its armed forces were killed and 15 wounded, when\n its forces were preventing a “major terrorist operation” in the middle\n of the Sinai Peninsula ([38]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n – On\n August 25, Four Egyptian soldiers were killed by an armed attack of ISIS\n elements in the coastal road area of Al-Arish.\n \u2013 On November 3, a terrorist\n attack took place targeting Christians while returning from a religious\n journey in a monastery in southern Egypt, killing 7 people and wounding\n others ([39]<\/a>).\n  \n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The military operations that\ntargeted the terrorist organizations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Armed groups pose a threat to the security of Egypt, Israel, and\nthe Gaza Strip. Accordingly, the three sides are concerned with undermining the\ninfluence of these organizations, but the absence of tripartite coordination\nbetween them has led to emergence of gaps in the effectiveness of military and\nsecurity operations targeting the terrorist activity. Egypt has carried the\ngreatest burden in fighting these terrorist activities, and engaged the\nEgyptian army in several battles to achieve that end. The following is table\nincluding a list of the most important measures and actions that targeted the\norganizations accused of extremism in the Sinai by the three concerned actors :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Egypt <\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Israel <\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Gaza Strip <\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n – In\n 2011, the Egyptian army launched the “Eagle” operation during the\n era of the late President Mohamed Morsi to undermine the activities of\n terrorist groups  ([41]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n –\n In August 2012, the Operation “Eagle 2” began after the terrorist\n attack that killed 16 Egyptian soldiers, after which President Mohamed Morsi\n decided, at that time, to appoint Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi as Minister of Defense\n after removing of Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi  <\/sup>(<\/sup>[41]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>.\n .\n  \n The operation has taken a year until 2013, when Mohamed Morsi was\n overthrown and the Egyptian army made a partial restructuring, which affected\n the course of the operation and did not fully achieve its objectives. Despite\n Israel\u2019 acceptance the Egyptian request to reinforce its forces in the Sinai,\n and to transfer military forces and heavy weapons to confront jihadist\n elements in the peninsula  <\/sup>([42]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n – In 2014, the current president of Egypt, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi,\n launched a security operation in Sinai to establish a buffer zone with Gaza\n Strip at a depth of 500 meters and a length of 14 kilometers in coordination\n with Israel; because the Camp David agreement \u201cprevents Egypt from deploying\n combat forces in the Sinai region, and specifies the number of these forces\n in the Sinai However, Tel Aviv agreed to deploy Egyptian forces from the\n “777 and 999” divisions in the cities of Rafah and Al-Arish, in\n addition to other forces from the paratroopers and other forces. However,\n Hamas expressed concerns with regard to supporting this operation, fearing\n further restrictions on the Strip. The United States of America has announced\n its support for this operation  ([43]<\/a>).\n  \n – In 2015, the second phase of the buffer zone operation, began\n to be implemented, which aimed to evacuate the border town of Rafah with the\n Gaza Strip and demolish it, which had already happened, with a view to\n establishing military positioning points for the Egyptian army, with the\n depth of the buffer zone to about one thousand km\n  (<\/sup>[44]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>..<\/sup>\n  \n – 2016 The Egyptian army announced the start of the operation\n “The Right of the Martyr” in Sinai  ([45]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \n  \n – 2017 it is announced the implementation of the third phase of\n the buffer zone, with a length of 15 km along the border with the Strip\n ([46]<\/a>)<\/sup>\n .\n – In\n 2018, the Egyptian army launched, in cooperation with the security forces,\n “the comprehensive operation, Sinai 2018”, to target terrorism in\n the Sinai and some areas of the Delta\n ([47]<\/a>)<\/sup>.   It is estimated that more than 30,000\n military personnel, from commandos units, elite, Second and Third Field\n Armies with hight degree of militarization, involved in this operation, alongside\n with 10,000 elements from the Ministry of Interior, with the support of air\n forces and aerial reconnaissance, in addition to, the involvement of the\n naval forces of Suez Canal in marine combing operations ([48]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n – Human rights violations have been documented in the Sinai\n Peninsula, according to Human Rights Watch, and during 2014-2015, such\n violations included the demolition of at least 3,225 residential, commercial,\n administrative, and community buildings in the Sinai Peninsula along the\n border with the Gaza Strip, and the forced eviction of thousands persons. The\n Egyptian authorities also bulldozed about 685 hectares of cultivated\n agricultural land, depriving families of food and a source of livelihood, and\n stripping most of the border area of olive and palm trees and their\n traditional citrus groves ([49]<\/a>). In addition, around 12,000 arrests were carried out since\n mid-2013  ([50]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n <\/td>\n – Israel has raised its security coordination level with Egypt to\n confront the extremist groups, allowed the increase of the troops and the\n military equipment for Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, and in\n February 2019, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi confirmed that\n “the Cooperation between Cairo and Israel is at its highest level\n ([51]<\/a>). According to media reports, the nature of this cooperation has\n been revealed, as the electronic espionage unit of the Israel Military\n Intelligence Division (AMAN) provides the Egyptian army with intelligence\n information obtained through the operations of drones or satellites\n (<\/sup>[52]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>..\n  \n – Israel launches undeclared air operations against the sites of\n jihadist organizations in the peninsula, such operations amounted between\n 2015 and 2018 100 air strikes, and all of them carried out in coordination\n with the Egyptian side ([53]<\/a>). However, Israel denied this information\n <\/sup>([54]<\/a>)<\/sup>.  , despite what was\n revealed by the Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman in 2017 when he\n confirmed that the Israeli Air Force carried out a raids inside Egyptian\n territory ([55]<\/a>). \n  \n – In 2018, the Israeli army established a special reserve force\n as an elite team of residents of the Nitzana region, that neighbouring its\n borders with Egypt in the Sinai, to be the first nucleus of a major military\n unit that will be formed to face the terrorist threats in the region. The\n number of the military unit reached 20 persons, whose duties is to respond\n immediately to any attack, and was supplied with modern military vehicles and\n important operational equipment ([56]<\/a>).\n  \n – In 2019, Human Rights Watch requested the Israeli authorities\n to “publicly declare the nature of the involvement of Israeli forces in\n the North Sinai conflict, and to investigate transparently in the accidents,\n in which the Israeli army raids resulted in civilian casualties. Moreover,\n communicating the results of these investigations to civilian victims and\n their relatives and providing financial compensation and non-material\n recognition of the harm done to them, such as an apology, regardless of the\n legitimacy of the attack that caused the damage\n ([57]<\/a>)<\/sup>.. \n <\/td>\n – In mid-2011, Hamas launched a wide security campaign to control\n the borders between the Strip and Egypt, with the aim of intensifying the\n control mechanisms over the smuggling tunnels, and about 500 of its members\n were deployed to the entrances of tunnels area in order to monitor smuggling\n the merchandises and goods of various kinds\n ([58]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n – In May 2015, The security agencies of the Ministry of Interior\n in the Gaza Strip, launched a campaign against the individuals who are\n supporting the Islamic State, after detonating an explosive device, then\n Ansar Beit al-Maqdis accused Hamas security agencies of demolishing a mosque\n relating to its supporters  (<\/sup>[59]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. In response to this campaign, the\n group bombed Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip with two mortar shells\n ([60]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \n  \n – In May 2016, Hamas arrested at least 20 members of the group,\n including 4 at the border, as they attempted to infiltrate through a tunnel\n to the Sinai to fight there ([61]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n – In August 2017, Hamas began a security campaign, which is the\n largest, against the militant organizations in the Gaza Strip, which is\n inspired by the ISIS approach, after amember of ISIS detonated himself in\n al-Qassam Brigade force on the border with Egypt, which considered as unprecedented\n development in the confrontation between the two parties, such attack left\n one death of al-Qassam Brigade in addition to the bomber who was killed, and\n several injuries, after the campaign, dozens of ISIS supporters were arrested\n in the Gaza Strip. Hamas also directed the preachers of mosques to launch a\n campaign against the delinquent ideology, and urged them to talk about the\n sanctity of Muslim blood, and the seriousness of intellectual perversity on\n man and society ([62]<\/a>)<\/sup>.  \n  \n – In October 2017, the Hamas Ministry of the Interior stated that\n \u201cNour Issa and three others belonging to the Ahfad Beit al-Maqdis\n organization who fired rockets from Gaza into Israel during the past few\n months have been arrested, such group is affiliated to ISIS\n (<\/sup>[63]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>. \n  \n – In 2018, Hamas raised the security readiness along the border\n between Gaza Strip and Egypt, in conjunction with the military operation\n carried out by the Egyptian army, “the comprehensive operation Sinai\n 2018” (<\/sup>64]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>\n .\n – Since 2013, Hamas has been accused of supporting the Ansar Beit\n al-Maqdis organization, as the Egyptian Ministry of Defense said that it\n seized weapons and ammunition belonging to the organization in the Sinai and\n some of those bombs that were found had the word “Al-Qassam\n Brigades,” the military wing of the Palestinian Hamas movement\n <\/sup>([65]<\/a>)<\/sup>.\n  \n In 2015, Israel also accused Hamas of “supporting the Sinai\n attacks with the aim of opening a channel for new smuggling operations\n <\/sup>([66]<\/a>)<\/sup>.  But Hamas denies the\n validity of these allegations (<\/sup>[67]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/sup>, especially since the organization of Wilayat Sinai Ansar Beit\n Al-Maqdis, considered it a legitimate target of its activities and accused it\n of apostasy, and it executed a member of the Al-Qassam Brigades for smuggling\n weapons to Hamas ([68]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Table No (2)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table No (3)\nshows the locations of the houses that were demolished to create the buffer\nzone. ([69]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Map No. (4)\nsites of agricultural lands that has been bulldozed \u0627<\/strong>([70]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the\nactivity of terrorist groups in the Sinai has decreased significantly, the\ncontinuity of combating terrorism in the peninsula is considered as one of the\nmost important challenges, because any security gaps in the future may lead to\nthe re-emergence of these organizations in various forms, which was evident\nwhen a ajihadist group known as “Caliphate Soldiers\u201d announced about its\npresence in mid-2017, as they are a branch of the Islamic State in Cairo <\/sup>([71]<\/a>)<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, the\nsituation in the Sinai Peninsula has become interrelated with international\nprojects that have become known as the “Kushner” settlements or\n“Deal of the Century”, the peninsula has become the focus of future\neconomic projects in it, to increase economic activity between the Gulf\ncountries, especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Israel and Egypt, through\nthe Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Accordingly, any future economic plan needs to a\nsafe environment for its protection, which is what Egypt seeks through its\noperations in Sinai in coordination with Israel, but Hamas in the Gaza Strip\nrejects such plans, especially since the talk is about transferring the\nPalestinians to Sinai in exchange for handing over the Gaza Strip ([72]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Therefore,\nthe process of\npolarization and the contrast between the positions related to the fate of the\nSinai Peninsula may once again provide an opportunity for jihadist\norganizations to overcome the stage of weakness they are experiencing and to\nstart towards launching more sensitive terrorist operations that move to the\nEgyptian, Israeli, and Gaza Strip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe opinions expressed do not\nnecessarily reflect Barq for Policies and Consultations views \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All rights reserved for Barq\nfor Policies and Consultations \u00a9 2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([1])\n\u201cFrom Yamit to the Jordan Valley, the IDF Continues to Force Arabs From Their\nHomes\u201d. Haaretz, 16-4-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Oqt9W7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cIsrael-Egypt Relations: The Yamit\nEvacuation\u201d. Jewish Virtual Library, 23-6-2005. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2LRdBIZ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sinai\nbetween the Jewish faith and the security aspects. Palestine Ala\u2019an https:\/\/bit.ly\/2P82D5D<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ([2]) \u201cFrom the Movement for Unity and Jihad\nto Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis\u201d Egyptian Institute for Studies, 20-8-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2SilNC6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ([3]) \u201cNature in the Sinai.\u201d The official\nwebsite of the Egyptian State Information Service, 9\/30\/2009. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ndj5z9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([4])\n\u201cThe Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty that concluded 40 years ago.\u201d France 24,\n24-3-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2P0WCrk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([5])\n\u201cShukri Mustafa,\u201d the prince of Al-Takfir wa al-Hijra Islamic Movements Portal,\n7-11-2016. https:\/\/bit.ly\/31VqcAr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Documentary “the assassination of Sheikh\nal-Dhahabi Part 1”. Al-Jazeera Net, 10-5-2007. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Zbw3zD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([6])\n\u201cCNN: Al-Takfir wa al-Hijra Group returns to Sinai The goal : Establishing the\nIslamic state\u201d Al-Masry Al-Youm. 10-8-2011 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HecAZ3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([7])\n\u201cWho awakens Morsi: The Emirate of Al-Qaeda raises its flag in the Sinai.\nMiddle East Online, 6-12-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KR7WkK<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   \u201cWilayat Sinai … ISIS and the threat to\nEgyptian national security. European Center for Counter-terrorism Studies,\n1-11-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ndrr9G<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   The\narrest of a prominent leader from Al-Takfir wa al-Hijra Organization, North\nSinai. Alquds Alarabi, 31-10-2013 https:\/\/bit.ly\/30dmphi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([8])\n\u201cTawhid wal-Jihad | The Tahrir Institute for Middle East policy,\n22-7-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KH9Cyh<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([9])\nsee reference No (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

([10])\n\u201cJihadists and Post-Jihadists in the Sinai\u201d. Brookings Institute,\n5-9-2012. https:\/\/brook.gs\/2HcTQsF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([11])\n\u201cVittorio Arrigoni\u201d. Al-Jazeera Net, 15-4-2011. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KRc3NJ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “The Hamas government releases a\nprominent Salafi leader.” BBC, 3-8-2012. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2Ndu4bR<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([12])\n\u201cThe assassination of Hisham Al-Sa\u2019idani, the leader of the\u201c jihadist Salafism\n\u201din the Gaza Strip, in an Israeli raid. Middle East, 10-15-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2N91wAd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([13])\n\u201c14 Islamists from the\u201c Tawhid and Jihad Group, sentenced to death in Egypt for\ntheir condemnation of the 2011 Sinai attack. France 24, 14-8-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZSBYub<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([14])\n\u201cThe good news of the announcement of the formation of the [ Mujahideen Shura\nCouncil in Environs of Jerusalem] and the claiming responsibility for [the\nBattle of Al-Nusra for Al-Aqsa and Prisoners].\u201d 18-6-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2NdDAeM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([15])\n\u201cEnvirons of Jerusalem claiming responsibility for launching five missiles\nIsrael from Sinai\u201d Al-Riyadh newspaper, 11-18-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TInsTY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([16])\n\u201cWashington included Mujahideen Shura Council in Environs of Jerusalem in the\nblack list\u201d Middle East, 20-8-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HbU6Z6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([17])\nJund Ansar Allah Al-Jazeera Net, 13-3-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KInpVv<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([18])\n\u201cGunmen declare an Islamic emirate in Gaza.\u201d Al-Jazeera Net, 14-8-2009. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZeCkP4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([19])\n\u201cThe story of the disappearance and disintegration of Mujahideen Shura Council\nin Environs of Jerusalem AMAN\u060c 16-12-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YUd2GG<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([20])\n\u201cThe Re-Emergence of Jund al-Islam: A New Chapter in the Conflict Between\nal-Qaeda and ISIS\u201d. Atlantic Council, 29-11-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2NebCjd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([21])\n\u201cJund Al Islam\u201d claiming responsibility for targeting the army in Sinai Al-Arabiya\nNet, 9-13-2013., 13-9-2013. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Nf0Jh0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([22])\n\u201cA new release for Jund al-Islam threatening Israel due to the violations of\nGaza and the Sinai.\u201d Elshaab Al Gaded News Paper,  23-5-2015 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ojb1wN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([23])\n\u201cintroduction to \u201cJund Al Islam\u201d The first defection in ISIS in Sinai. \u201d Al-Arabiya\nNet, 9-13-2017., 12-11-2013. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HcHukC<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([24])\n\u201cThe jihadist situation after the January 2011 revolution (2).\u201d Egyptian\nInstitute for Studies, 30-11-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/30dMBrT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Sinai is the scene of al-Qaeda and ISIS\nstruggling over the throne of terrorism.” Arab newspaper, from London,\n11-11-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2P1tvV7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([25])\nISIS\u2019s rifts in the organization of \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d are increasing\u2026 in the\ninterest of in the interest of \u201cJund Al Islam\u201d Al Araby.co.uk. 31-1-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KLNUI4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(25)\n\u201cThe threat formulating the thoughts of Salafi jihadi \u201dinto violent and\nterrorist activity.\u201d The Israeli Shin Bet website, 12-30-2011. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2DLoA3c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([27])\n\u201cFive were arrested in connection with the Taba bombings.\u201d BBC,\n25-10-2004. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2BzLcCg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([28])\n\u201cThe Egyptian court accuses the” Tawhid and Jihad “group of being\nresponsible for the Sinai bombings. Al-Riyadh newspaper, 28-4-2006. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ArPRo7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ([29]) \u201cThe Criterion Saga\u201d Internet Archive Website\u060c 17-7-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TJ8blH<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The\nfuture of ISIS terrorist activity in the Sinai Peninsula. Middle East and North\nAfrica Media Observatory, 27-2-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Z0yXMe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([30])\n\u201cAnsar Beit al-Maqdis\u201d blasphemed the Egyptian Army and the Brotherhood\ndemanding him “repentance.” Arab newspaper, from London,\n24-12-2013 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Zd6NsC<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([31])\n\u201cANSAR BAYT AL-MAQDIS\u201d. US Director of National Intelligence. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ri8y4E<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([32])\nCome to the Sinai Internet Archive Website\u060c 28-11-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TO7E1J<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([33])\n\u201cAnsar Bayt al-Maqdis\u201d. Global Security, 25-11-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2P8jMH9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([34])\nAnsar Beit al-Maqdis, The containment struggle between “Al Qaeda” and\n“ISIS”. Islamic Movements Portal, 23-4-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2QqLm75<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([35])\n\u201cGaza: Smuggling tunnels are partially back BBC, 10-8-2012. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2ziiJz7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cWith\npictures .. The Egyptian army destroys 6 smuggling tunnels in Sinai. \u201d Al-ain\nnews, 26-2-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2THpeVk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Financing of \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d Donations via\n“Twitter” and human traffickers \u201cRepentant\u201d Al Araby.co.uk.\n18-3-2015. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Ha2hFe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cOne\ncannabis operation every day at least from Sinai to Israel.” Alquds\nAlarabi, 18-8-2019 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZcAwWK<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([36])\n\u201cThe harvest of terrorism in Egypt during eight years … from the valley and\nthe Delta back to Sinai front.\u201d Arabia Independent, 29-2-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2N8lElY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Wilayat Sinai, announced the bombing of the\nmain gas pipeline in Al-Arish Sputnik, 8-1-2016. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Sn3ah1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “The Russian plane crash in Sinai”\nwas a terrorist attack. BBC, 17-11-2015. https:\/\/bbc.in\/211dc78<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egypt\n: “Terrorism is dying” and in 2018 witnessed 8 operations. Anatolia,\n1-1-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2QdYIja<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cEgyptian Sinai in 42 months .. 1441 people\nwere killed in 1068 \u201cterrorist\u201d operations (framework). Anatolia,\n20-1-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2z8WpYE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([37])\nThe future of ISIS terrorist activity in the Sinai Peninsula. Middle East and\nNorth Africa Media Observatory, 27-2-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Z0yXMe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([38])\n\u201cDeaths among Egyptian Army during preventing a terrorist attack in Sinai.\u201d\nAl-Jazeera Net, 14-4-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KHaSkM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([39])\n\u201cEgypt : A terrorist attack against a Coptic bus … and “ISIS”\nclaims responsibility. Middle East, 3-11-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KQRelv<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([40])\n\u201cEgypt : The Egyptian Army begins the “Eagle” operation against armed\nmilitants in Sinai. BBC, 15-8-2011. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2KKrfvy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([41])\n“Eagle 2” is a operation aimed at clearing Sinai of terrorism and the\nsource of crimes. Emirates Today, 13-9-2012. https:\/\/bit.ly\/33KkoLu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cAfter one year of Sinai \u201c2018\u201d What has\nchanged?”. Mada\u060c 25-3-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KGkjB8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([42])\n\u201cIsrael allows Egypt to deploy more forces in the Sinai.\u201d Al-Arabiya Net,\n9-13-2013., 12-7-2013. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ziuJ3D<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([43])\n\u201cEstablishment of a\u201c border buffer zone \u201d continued with American and Israeli\nsupport. Sasa Post, 1-11-2014. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2SkqwUo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([44])\n\u201cThe expansion of the buffer zone between Egypt and Gaza begins … 12 cars to\ntransport 2,044 families from 1220 buildings. \u201d CNN, 8-1-2015. https:\/\/cnn.it\/2BJLO8s<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   “The Egyptian authorities” will\ncompletely remove the city of Rafah “to create a buffer zone with\nGaza.” BBC, 7-1-2015. https:\/\/bbc.in\/29Dvsim<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([45])\n\u201cEgypt. The battle of “The Right of the Martyr” claimed the death of\n29 Sinai terrorists. Al-Arabiya Net, 9-13-2015., 8-9-2013. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2OZ67Hv<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([46])\n\u201cEgypt extends the buffer zone with the Gaza Strip.\u201d BBC, 6-10-2017. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2y0efLI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([47])\n\u201cSinai 2018 \u2033 .. The latest operations of the Egyptian army against terrorism.\nSky News Arabia, 10-2-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2xfqPrn<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([48])\nVideo \u201cThe military sectors participating in Operation Sinai\u201d. Al-Arabiya\nHadath channel on YouTube, 11-2-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2KF8L0R<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([49])\n\u201cSearch for another homeland, Forced evictions operations in Egyptian Rafah.\nHuman Rights Watch, 9-22-2015. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2EONdd5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([50])\n\u201cWhy did you leave Sinai?\u201d Human Rights Watch, 28-5-2019 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2XfEw7U<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([51])\n\u201cSisi confirms Israel’s contribution to confronting jihadists in the Sinai.\u201d\nThe Times of Israel\u060c 4-1-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZdNpvM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52])\n\u201cAfter he confessed to its military support .. Has Sisi implicated Israel in\nwar crimes? \u201d Al-Jazeera Net, 19-1-2019. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ST7dlB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “What is the truth about the” secret\nalliance “between Egypt and Israel to strike the terrorists in the\nSinai?” Monte Carlo International, 4-2-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HAKyas<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([53])\n\u201cIsraeli air strikes\u201d in Sinai is an evidence of the growth of its relations\nwith the Arab world. BBC, 6-2-2018. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2KEconT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([54])\n\u201cThe Egyptian military spokesman explains to Sputnik the fact that Israel is\nparticipating in the Sinai operations.\u201d Sputnik, 4-2-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/30f7umT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([55])\n\u201cLieberman implicitly recognizes responsibility for the Sinai strikes and\nclarifies.\u201d Araby 21, 21-2-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Z9xfU1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([56])\n\u201cIsrael establishes the first core of a major military unit on the border with\nEgypt.\u201d Sputnik, 21-1-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZcPCHP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([57])\n\u201cThe one who fears his life is leaving Sinai!\u201d Violations by the Egyptian\nsecurity forces and ISIS militants in North Sinai. Human Rights Watch,\n28-5-2019 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2I01vu4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([58])\n\u201cA security campaign in Gaza to control the borders with Egypt.\u201d Palestine\nAla\u2019an, 30-7-2011 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2MneCu7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([59])\n\u201cTension is increasing between Hamas and pro-Islamic State groups and the\ndetonation of explosive devices in separate locations in Gaza.\u201d Alquds Alarabi,\n5-5-2015 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2H8cD8H<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([60])\n\u201cA group supporting the Islamic State: We bombed a site of the Al-Qassam\nBrigades in Gaza. \u201d Alquds Alarabi, 8-5-2015 https:\/\/bit.ly\/30jQ3Bu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61])\n“Hamas targets the supporters of” ISIS “in Gaza after increasing\nattempts to infiltrate into Sinai.” Middle East, 30-5-2016. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YZUbtY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([62])\n\u201cHamas closes the borders with Egypt and repels against [ISIS] Gaza.\u201d Middle\nEast, 18-8-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2rdnCFo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([63])\n\u201cA surprise campaign by Hamas against ISIS supporters.\u201d Arab newspaper, from\nLondon, 8-10-2017 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZbXvS0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([64])\n\u201cTight security measures in Gaza coincided with the Sinai operation.\u201d Erm News,\n9-2-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Mo0y3u<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([65])\n\u201cThe Egyptian Army: The Sinai operation continues and arms are seized relating\nto Hamas. BBC, 15-9-2013. https:\/\/bbc.in\/2ZbVkK3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([66])\n“Israel accuses” Hamas “of supporting” ISIS “attack in\nSinai to obtain weapons. And to open a border road with Egypt. CNN, 8-7-2015. https:\/\/cnn.it\/2Rrabx8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([67])\n\u201cAl-Qassam denies supporting the Islamic State in Sinai.\u201d Al-Jazeera Net,\n4-7-2015. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HdkYIm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([68])\nthe war of \u201cWilayat Sinai\u201d against Hamas \u201c : Is a new precious thing for I\nIsrael\u201d Al Araby.co.uk. 5-1-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HfEHHb<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([69])\nSource of the map, Human Rights Watch, see reference No. 48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

([70])\nSource of the map, Human Rights Watch, see reference No. 48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

([71])\nCaliphate Soldiers in Egypt \u201c Affiliated to ISIS ” and coordinates with\nthe “Wilayat Sinai” and pledges to continue targeting Copts and\ngovernment interests. Islamic Movements Portal, 6-5-2017. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2rh47eZ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

([72])\n\u201cHamas: We refuse to solve the issue at the expense of Sinai. \u201d Al-Jazeera Net,\n11-1-2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/30gEmeS<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Since 2012, Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula is experiencing a large-scale military and security operations, in which the Egyptian army has targeted different armed groups operating in the region for many years. As these terrorist groups launch a military attacks, operations and activities that destabilize the region, and raise the security threat risks associated with Egypt, Israel …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8197,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":25,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[316,323],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-strategic-studies","category-terrorism-issues"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8191"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8191\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barq-rs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}